Primary Sources
Films/Videos
"1,000,000 Indians on the Move." N.p., n.d. Web. 1947.
This video shows footage of Indians migrating across the border. It helped us get a visual idea of how and under what conditions they traveled.
This video shows footage of Indians migrating across the border. It helped us get a visual idea of how and under what conditions they traveled.
Interviews
Samuel, Esther. Personal interview. 6 Dec. 2012.
This Christian Indian citizen describes the partition and how it affected her life spiritually. She also tells us stories of the different celebrations that took place after India's independence.
Tripathi, Arun. Personal interview. 5 Dec. 2012.
This Hindu Indian citizen told us how the partition affected his life. He says partition separated him from many of his relatives, and changed him mentally and spiritually.
Sarkar, Kaushik. Personal interview. Dec. 2012.
This middle-aged man tells us his perspective on partition and the reasons behind it. His opinions helped guide and confirm our research. He focused on partition's effects on Indian citizens today, as he is one.
This Christian Indian citizen describes the partition and how it affected her life spiritually. She also tells us stories of the different celebrations that took place after India's independence.
Tripathi, Arun. Personal interview. 5 Dec. 2012.
This Hindu Indian citizen told us how the partition affected his life. He says partition separated him from many of his relatives, and changed him mentally and spiritually.
Sarkar, Kaushik. Personal interview. Dec. 2012.
This middle-aged man tells us his perspective on partition and the reasons behind it. His opinions helped guide and confirm our research. He focused on partition's effects on Indian citizens today, as he is one.
Lectures/Speeches
Jinnah, Muhammad A. Speech. Muhammed Ali Jinnah - Speech About The Making Of Pakistan. Radiopakistanonline, 18 June 2011. Web. 27 Oct. 2012.
This is a recording of Muhammed Ali Jinnah's speech to the United States of America addressing the reasons for India's partition. Because Jinnah was the main advocate for partition, we included several quotes on the 'Social and Religious Differences' page and the 'Political Perspectives' page to show his reasoning and perspective.
This is a recording of Muhammed Ali Jinnah's speech to the United States of America addressing the reasons for India's partition. Because Jinnah was the main advocate for partition, we included several quotes on the 'Social and Religious Differences' page and the 'Political Perspectives' page to show his reasoning and perspective.
Manuscripts
"Calcutta Riots." N.d. TS. National Archives. Web.
This source was an extract from a military report written on August 24, 1946, just 8 days after the Calcutta riots. It was a detailed report that covered all of the events within the three days of rioting. The writer doesn't seem to give much of his own opinion, but seems appalled by the violence and believes it has destroyed both India and Pakistan's economy. We used this source on the 'Great Calcutta Killings' page to show just how much damage the killings caused.
"Jinnah Calls For Pakistan." N.d. TS. National Archives. Web.
This source provided us with extracts from a speech delivered by Muhammad Ali Jinnah on December 6, 1945. In the speech, Jinnah demanded on the creation of Pakistan, and he would not accept a compromise of any kind.
"Jinnah on Partition." N.d. TS. National Archives. Web.
This typescript was a speech by Muhammad Ali Jinnah on the partition of Bengal and the Punjab on May 4, 1947. It helped us understand Jinnah's perspective not only on partition as a whole, but also on the division of Bengal and Punjab.
"Movement of Refugees." N.d. TS. National Archives. Web.
This typescript was a report by India's Ministry of Information on the population movements across the border, giving statistics on the movement of refugees from a certain location. We used sections from this typescript on the 'Aftermath' page to show the number of people involved in the migration.
This source was an extract from a military report written on August 24, 1946, just 8 days after the Calcutta riots. It was a detailed report that covered all of the events within the three days of rioting. The writer doesn't seem to give much of his own opinion, but seems appalled by the violence and believes it has destroyed both India and Pakistan's economy. We used this source on the 'Great Calcutta Killings' page to show just how much damage the killings caused.
"Jinnah Calls For Pakistan." N.d. TS. National Archives. Web.
This source provided us with extracts from a speech delivered by Muhammad Ali Jinnah on December 6, 1945. In the speech, Jinnah demanded on the creation of Pakistan, and he would not accept a compromise of any kind.
"Jinnah on Partition." N.d. TS. National Archives. Web.
This typescript was a speech by Muhammad Ali Jinnah on the partition of Bengal and the Punjab on May 4, 1947. It helped us understand Jinnah's perspective not only on partition as a whole, but also on the division of Bengal and Punjab.
"Movement of Refugees." N.d. TS. National Archives. Web.
This typescript was a report by India's Ministry of Information on the population movements across the border, giving statistics on the movement of refugees from a certain location. We used sections from this typescript on the 'Aftermath' page to show the number of people involved in the migration.
Maps/Charts
"East India Company." Map. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://history.howstuffworks.com/asian-history/east-india-company.htm>.
This is a map of the areas in India showing where the British East India Company had spread out their trading posts, eventually establishing British rule in India. We used this map on the 'Background' page to show India's situation before Britain established control over the entire country.
"Map of Possible Partition." Map. National Archives. N.p., 1947. Web.
This map shows the original design for India's partition. It helped give us a visual idea of how and where the violence and migrations took place.
This is a map of the areas in India showing where the British East India Company had spread out their trading posts, eventually establishing British rule in India. We used this map on the 'Background' page to show India's situation before Britain established control over the entire country.
"Map of Possible Partition." Map. National Archives. N.p., 1947. Web.
This map shows the original design for India's partition. It helped give us a visual idea of how and where the violence and migrations took place.
Microfilms
"Britain Achieves Solution in India; Leaders Accept It." The New York Times 1-10 June 1947: n. pag. Microform.
This article was very helpful to our research, as it outlined the events leading up to the decision to partition- from Nehru's agreement to partition to Britain's outlook on partition.
"The British Plan for the Partition of India." The New York Times 1-10 June 1947: n. pag. Microform.
This article contains a map that draws out Britain's plan for the partition. It shades the regions that were to become Pakistan. We used this map on 'Aftermath' page to show where India was splitting as a result of the Calcutta Killings.
"Broadcast By Viceroy." The Times [London] n.d.: n. pag. Microform.
This article is a written account of Viceroy Louis Mountbatten's speech regarding India's partition. The speech was broadcasted on the All India radio. His speech helped us gain knowledge from a different perspective.
"Cabinet Mission to India." New York Times 15 Aug. 1946: n. pag. Microform.
This article briefly describes the Cabinet Mission and its purpose. It is used on the 'Cabinet Mission' page.
"India and Pakistan." The New York Times 15 Aug. 1947: n. pag. Microform.
On August 15, 1947, the news of India's independence and partition were the headlines of the New York Times. The article describes the whole event- both the independence and partition's ceremonies.
"Jinnah Calls for Direct Action Day." The Times 14 Aug. 1946: n. pag. Microform.
This article explained Muhammed Ali Jinnah's initial plan for Calcutta. He wanted the rally to be peaceful, and to use direct action as a last resort. We used this article on the 'Calcutta Killings' page because it helps us understand that Jinnah did not support violence, however, he was willing to sacrifice anything for what he believed was the solution for his people.
"Looting and Stabbing." The Times 16 Aug. 1946: n. pag. Microform.
This article describes the violence between everyday pedestrians. We used it on the 'Great Calcutta Killings' page to show the brutality and cruelty of the Calcutta Killings.
"Muslim Lack of Cooperation." The Times 16 Aug. 1946: n. pag. Microform.
This article explains the outcome of the Cabinet Mission meeting, saying the Muslim League had 'lack of cooperation'. It supports the argument that the Calcutta killings were somewhat a result of the League's refusal to cooperate and compromise.
"Outbreak of Mob Violence in Calcutta." The Times 16 Aug. 1946: n. pag. Microform.
This article outlines the events of the first day of the Calcutta Killings, mentioning the number of casualties and the Muslims League's refusal to cooperate. We used this article on the 'Great Calcutta Killings' page to show how significant the event was and how even after the violence, the Muslim League still refused to compromise.
"Pakistan Protest To India." New York Times 29 Sept. 1947: n. pag. Microform.
This article was a great example of the many conflicts between India and Pakistan as a result of the Calcutta Killings. Muslims rebelled in Kashmir, a disputed area, and the Indian Union refused to tolerate it. This resulted in the first Indo-Pakistani War of 1947.
"Uneasy Lull in India." The Times [London] 6 Oct. 1947: n. pag. Microform.
This article gave a summary of the results of partition- a brief description of the migration of refugees and riots on the border. We used the article's heading on the 'Aftermath' page.
This article was very helpful to our research, as it outlined the events leading up to the decision to partition- from Nehru's agreement to partition to Britain's outlook on partition.
"The British Plan for the Partition of India." The New York Times 1-10 June 1947: n. pag. Microform.
This article contains a map that draws out Britain's plan for the partition. It shades the regions that were to become Pakistan. We used this map on 'Aftermath' page to show where India was splitting as a result of the Calcutta Killings.
"Broadcast By Viceroy." The Times [London] n.d.: n. pag. Microform.
This article is a written account of Viceroy Louis Mountbatten's speech regarding India's partition. The speech was broadcasted on the All India radio. His speech helped us gain knowledge from a different perspective.
"Cabinet Mission to India." New York Times 15 Aug. 1946: n. pag. Microform.
This article briefly describes the Cabinet Mission and its purpose. It is used on the 'Cabinet Mission' page.
"India and Pakistan." The New York Times 15 Aug. 1947: n. pag. Microform.
On August 15, 1947, the news of India's independence and partition were the headlines of the New York Times. The article describes the whole event- both the independence and partition's ceremonies.
"Jinnah Calls for Direct Action Day." The Times 14 Aug. 1946: n. pag. Microform.
This article explained Muhammed Ali Jinnah's initial plan for Calcutta. He wanted the rally to be peaceful, and to use direct action as a last resort. We used this article on the 'Calcutta Killings' page because it helps us understand that Jinnah did not support violence, however, he was willing to sacrifice anything for what he believed was the solution for his people.
"Looting and Stabbing." The Times 16 Aug. 1946: n. pag. Microform.
This article describes the violence between everyday pedestrians. We used it on the 'Great Calcutta Killings' page to show the brutality and cruelty of the Calcutta Killings.
"Muslim Lack of Cooperation." The Times 16 Aug. 1946: n. pag. Microform.
This article explains the outcome of the Cabinet Mission meeting, saying the Muslim League had 'lack of cooperation'. It supports the argument that the Calcutta killings were somewhat a result of the League's refusal to cooperate and compromise.
"Outbreak of Mob Violence in Calcutta." The Times 16 Aug. 1946: n. pag. Microform.
This article outlines the events of the first day of the Calcutta Killings, mentioning the number of casualties and the Muslims League's refusal to cooperate. We used this article on the 'Great Calcutta Killings' page to show how significant the event was and how even after the violence, the Muslim League still refused to compromise.
"Pakistan Protest To India." New York Times 29 Sept. 1947: n. pag. Microform.
This article was a great example of the many conflicts between India and Pakistan as a result of the Calcutta Killings. Muslims rebelled in Kashmir, a disputed area, and the Indian Union refused to tolerate it. This resulted in the first Indo-Pakistani War of 1947.
"Uneasy Lull in India." The Times [London] 6 Oct. 1947: n. pag. Microform.
This article gave a summary of the results of partition- a brief description of the migration of refugees and riots on the border. We used the article's heading on the 'Aftermath' page.
Photographs
"After the Recent Riots in Calcutta." N.d. Photograph. Web. 09 Sept. 1946. <http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/62995203>.
This is a photo of several corpses on the street after the Calcutta killings. We used this photo on the 'Great Calcutta Killings' page to show the results of the killings.
"Indo-Pakistani" Arun. N.d. Photograph. Top Yaps. Web. <http://topyaps.com/top-10-reasons-behind-the-indo-pak-conflict/>.
This website gave us a picture of each of the four Indo-Pakistani Wars. We used these pictures on the 'Historical Significance' page to show that the tensions between the two nations still continues today.
"Cabinet Mission. N.d. Photograph." Http://www.flickriver.com/photos/tags/wavell/interesting/. Web.
This is a photograph of the Cabinet Mission, a British delegation that arrived in India to negotiate with the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League. Because they played such an important role in India's political issues prior to the Calcutta Killings, we used this image on the 'Cabinet Mission' page.
"Lord Mountbatten." Biography. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 May 2013. <http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/lord-mountbatten-15.php>.
This is a photo of Louis Mountbatten, India's viceroy at the time of the Great Calcutta Killings. We included this photo on the 'Aftermath' page because he was an important part of India's political decisions.
"Muslim League Formation." N.d. Photograph. Web. <http://mianfamily.tripod.com/gallery/index.album/muslim-league-formation-30-dec-1906?i=1&s=1>.
This is a photo of the meeting which formed the Muslim League, which was the political party that demanded the partition of India. We included this photo on the 'Political Perspectives' page because the Muslim League was one of the key factors in India's partition.
"Mass Migrations." N.d. Photograph. Web. <http://www.babadittuji.com/the-gadia-samaaj-story.html>.
This is a photograph of refugees on trains traveling across the India-Pakistan border during the mass migrations. It gave us a visual idea of this event, as it showed how crowded the trains were. We used this photograph on the 'Aftermath' page.
"Old Indian Photos." N.d. Photograph. Web. <http://www.oldindianphotos.in/2011/01/calcutta-communal-riot-or-great.html>.
These photos depict what life was like for everyday people after the Calcutta riots. Food was scarce and conditions were poor. The images helped us understand the circumstances that people lived under after Calcutta.
"Indian National Congress." N.d. Photograph. Web. <http://www.pbs.org/thestoryofindia/timeline/6/>.
This is a photograph of the first members of the Indian National Congress in 1885. We used this source on the 'Political Perspectives' page because the Indian National Congress was one of the main parties in making India's political decisions.
"Poverty and Environmental Degradation." N.d. Photograph. Web. <http://asiasociety.org/policy/social-issues/human-rights/renewing-city-efforts-improve-life-calcutta%E2%80%99s-urban-slums?page=0,5>.
This is a photograph of the Calcutta riots. The photo shows efforts to clean up the streets after the riots. We used this source on the 'Great Calcutta Killings' page to show the aftermath effects the riots had on everyday people.
This is a photo of several corpses on the street after the Calcutta killings. We used this photo on the 'Great Calcutta Killings' page to show the results of the killings.
"Indo-Pakistani" Arun. N.d. Photograph. Top Yaps. Web. <http://topyaps.com/top-10-reasons-behind-the-indo-pak-conflict/>.
This website gave us a picture of each of the four Indo-Pakistani Wars. We used these pictures on the 'Historical Significance' page to show that the tensions between the two nations still continues today.
"Cabinet Mission. N.d. Photograph." Http://www.flickriver.com/photos/tags/wavell/interesting/. Web.
This is a photograph of the Cabinet Mission, a British delegation that arrived in India to negotiate with the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League. Because they played such an important role in India's political issues prior to the Calcutta Killings, we used this image on the 'Cabinet Mission' page.
"Lord Mountbatten." Biography. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 May 2013. <http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/lord-mountbatten-15.php>.
This is a photo of Louis Mountbatten, India's viceroy at the time of the Great Calcutta Killings. We included this photo on the 'Aftermath' page because he was an important part of India's political decisions.
"Muslim League Formation." N.d. Photograph. Web. <http://mianfamily.tripod.com/gallery/index.album/muslim-league-formation-30-dec-1906?i=1&s=1>.
This is a photo of the meeting which formed the Muslim League, which was the political party that demanded the partition of India. We included this photo on the 'Political Perspectives' page because the Muslim League was one of the key factors in India's partition.
"Mass Migrations." N.d. Photograph. Web. <http://www.babadittuji.com/the-gadia-samaaj-story.html>.
This is a photograph of refugees on trains traveling across the India-Pakistan border during the mass migrations. It gave us a visual idea of this event, as it showed how crowded the trains were. We used this photograph on the 'Aftermath' page.
"Old Indian Photos." N.d. Photograph. Web. <http://www.oldindianphotos.in/2011/01/calcutta-communal-riot-or-great.html>.
These photos depict what life was like for everyday people after the Calcutta riots. Food was scarce and conditions were poor. The images helped us understand the circumstances that people lived under after Calcutta.
"Indian National Congress." N.d. Photograph. Web. <http://www.pbs.org/thestoryofindia/timeline/6/>.
This is a photograph of the first members of the Indian National Congress in 1885. We used this source on the 'Political Perspectives' page because the Indian National Congress was one of the main parties in making India's political decisions.
"Poverty and Environmental Degradation." N.d. Photograph. Web. <http://asiasociety.org/policy/social-issues/human-rights/renewing-city-efforts-improve-life-calcutta%E2%80%99s-urban-slums?page=0,5>.
This is a photograph of the Calcutta riots. The photo shows efforts to clean up the streets after the riots. We used this source on the 'Great Calcutta Killings' page to show the aftermath effects the riots had on everyday people.
Secondary Sources
Books
Ansari, Sarah F. D. "Life after Partition: Migration, Community and Strife in Sindh", 1947-1962. Karachi: Oxford UP, 2005. Print.
This book explains the aftermath of the Calcutta Killings and India's partition. It also brings out the multi-polar relationship between India and Pakistan, and helps us get a different look at the reasons behind Calcutta and partition.
Pandey, Gyanendra. "Remembering Partition: Violence, Nationalism, and History in India." Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2001. Print.
This book was an interesting analysis of the violence that marked the partition of India. Violence played a key role in India's decision to partition from the author's perspective. This sources helped confirm that the Calcutta Killings really pushed India's decision to partition.
Satō, Hiroshi. "Calcutta Muslims, Communal Riots and Colonialism." [Tokyo]: Secretariat of the Research Project "Urbanism in Islam", 1989. Print.
This book was extremely helpful to our research. It gave an in-depth analysis of the Calcutta Killings and the effect it had on everyday citizens. It also gives a thorough explanation of the events before and after Calcutta, explaining why things happened the way they did.
This book explains the aftermath of the Calcutta Killings and India's partition. It also brings out the multi-polar relationship between India and Pakistan, and helps us get a different look at the reasons behind Calcutta and partition.
Pandey, Gyanendra. "Remembering Partition: Violence, Nationalism, and History in India." Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2001. Print.
This book was an interesting analysis of the violence that marked the partition of India. Violence played a key role in India's decision to partition from the author's perspective. This sources helped confirm that the Calcutta Killings really pushed India's decision to partition.
Satō, Hiroshi. "Calcutta Muslims, Communal Riots and Colonialism." [Tokyo]: Secretariat of the Research Project "Urbanism in Islam", 1989. Print.
This book was extremely helpful to our research. It gave an in-depth analysis of the Calcutta Killings and the effect it had on everyday citizens. It also gives a thorough explanation of the events before and after Calcutta, explaining why things happened the way they did.
Films/Videos
"Cabinet Mission Plan." N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EoUkRG0xj18>.
This video has footage of the Cabinet Mission meetings. It also explains each of the events leading up to the meetings and the result of the meetings. We used a snippet of the video on the 'Cabinet Mission' page.
"Gandhi. Dir." Richard Attenborough. By John Briley and Ravi Shankar. Perf. Ben Kingsley, Candice Bergen, Edward Fox, John Gielgud, Trevor Howard, John Mills, Martin Sheen, and Rohini Hattangady. Columbia-E.M.I.-Warner Distributors, 1982.
This movie helped us understand India's Independence Movement and the effect it had on India and Britain's relationship. It shows a different perspective on the reasons India achieved independence. It also portrayed Gandhi's practice of Satyagraha, which we explain on the 'Great Calcutta Killings' page. We used a quote from this movie on the 'Background' page to show that even though Britain made the decision to leave, India had already begun their fight for independence for more than two centuries.
"Partition: The Day India Burned." BBC, 17 May 2012. Web. 22 Jan. 2013.
This documentary was extremely helpful to our research. It gave a thorough explanation of the partition- detailing the events that happened before and after the split. Because of the documentary's in-depth analysis of the partition, it helped us realize that it was the Calcutta Killings that really made partition inevitable. Quotes, videos, and information from this source were used throughout our website.
This video has footage of the Cabinet Mission meetings. It also explains each of the events leading up to the meetings and the result of the meetings. We used a snippet of the video on the 'Cabinet Mission' page.
"Gandhi. Dir." Richard Attenborough. By John Briley and Ravi Shankar. Perf. Ben Kingsley, Candice Bergen, Edward Fox, John Gielgud, Trevor Howard, John Mills, Martin Sheen, and Rohini Hattangady. Columbia-E.M.I.-Warner Distributors, 1982.
This movie helped us understand India's Independence Movement and the effect it had on India and Britain's relationship. It shows a different perspective on the reasons India achieved independence. It also portrayed Gandhi's practice of Satyagraha, which we explain on the 'Great Calcutta Killings' page. We used a quote from this movie on the 'Background' page to show that even though Britain made the decision to leave, India had already begun their fight for independence for more than two centuries.
"Partition: The Day India Burned." BBC, 17 May 2012. Web. 22 Jan. 2013.
This documentary was extremely helpful to our research. It gave a thorough explanation of the partition- detailing the events that happened before and after the split. Because of the documentary's in-depth analysis of the partition, it helped us realize that it was the Calcutta Killings that really made partition inevitable. Quotes, videos, and information from this source were used throughout our website.
Lectures/Speeches
Dandwate, Madhu. "Gandhi's Human Touch." Web. <http://www.mkgandhi.org/humantouch.htm>.
This lecture focuses on Mahatma Gandhi- his principles and ideas. In a portion of this lecture, Dandwate explains Gandhi's reaction to the Calcutta Killings. We used a quote from this portion of his lecture on the 'Great Calcutta Kilings' page to introduce who Gandhi was.
This lecture focuses on Mahatma Gandhi- his principles and ideas. In a portion of this lecture, Dandwate explains Gandhi's reaction to the Calcutta Killings. We used a quote from this portion of his lecture on the 'Great Calcutta Kilings' page to introduce who Gandhi was.
Maps/Charts
"Bangladesh, India and Pakistan GDP per Capita (current US$)." Chart. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. The World Bank. Web. 6 May 2013.
This database gave us Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan's Gross Domestic Product from 1960 to 2011. This helped us understand how these three countries developed stronger economies over time. We used this information in a graph on the 'Historical Significance' page to show a more positive outcome of Calcutta.
"Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan's Life Expectancy at Birth, Total (years)." Chart. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. The World Bank. Web. 6 May 2013.
This database gave us Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan's life expectancy from 1960-2011. This helped us understand the relationship between economy and life expectancy. As the economy increased, so did the life expectancy. We also noticed the sudden drop in Bangladesh's life expectancy during the civil war between East Pakistan and West Pakistan in 1971. We used this information in a graph on the 'Historical Significance' page to show the long-term effects Calcutta had on each country's economy and life expectancy.
"Britain Debt." Chart. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.economicshelp.org/uploaded_images/uk-national-debt-ifs-751552.jpg>
This is a chart of Britain's debt since 1900. It shows the highest peak was in 1946, a year before India's independence and partition. We included this chart on the 'Background' page because it shows Britain's poor economic status, which led to the idea of an independent India.
"Hindu Caste System." N.p., n.d. Web. <http://nataliepeart.wordpress.com/2011/10/23/hindu-caste-system-the-facts/>.
This chart shows the levels of the Hindu Caste System with descriptions of each level. We used this chart on the 'Social and Religious Differences' page to show how the Hindu religion works.
"Map of Religious Majorities in British India." N.p., n.d. Web. <http://collectivehistory.tumblr.com/post/31411921572/1909-prevailing-religions-map-of-british-india>.
This map shows the different religions in India during the early 1900s. We included this map on the 'Social and Religious Differences' page to show that Hindus were the dominate religion.
"The Politics of Modern Hinduism." The Politics of Modern Hinduism. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012.
This website provided us with a map of India and Pakistan after the partition in 1947. The map illustrates where people relocated based on their religious beliefs. Along with the map, the website also gave brief paragraph explaining the effects of the partition. We used this map along with the information in the paragraph on the 'Aftermath' page.
This database gave us Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan's Gross Domestic Product from 1960 to 2011. This helped us understand how these three countries developed stronger economies over time. We used this information in a graph on the 'Historical Significance' page to show a more positive outcome of Calcutta.
"Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan's Life Expectancy at Birth, Total (years)." Chart. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. The World Bank. Web. 6 May 2013.
This database gave us Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan's life expectancy from 1960-2011. This helped us understand the relationship between economy and life expectancy. As the economy increased, so did the life expectancy. We also noticed the sudden drop in Bangladesh's life expectancy during the civil war between East Pakistan and West Pakistan in 1971. We used this information in a graph on the 'Historical Significance' page to show the long-term effects Calcutta had on each country's economy and life expectancy.
"Britain Debt." Chart. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.economicshelp.org/uploaded_images/uk-national-debt-ifs-751552.jpg>
This is a chart of Britain's debt since 1900. It shows the highest peak was in 1946, a year before India's independence and partition. We included this chart on the 'Background' page because it shows Britain's poor economic status, which led to the idea of an independent India.
"Hindu Caste System." N.p., n.d. Web. <http://nataliepeart.wordpress.com/2011/10/23/hindu-caste-system-the-facts/>.
This chart shows the levels of the Hindu Caste System with descriptions of each level. We used this chart on the 'Social and Religious Differences' page to show how the Hindu religion works.
"Map of Religious Majorities in British India." N.p., n.d. Web. <http://collectivehistory.tumblr.com/post/31411921572/1909-prevailing-religions-map-of-british-india>.
This map shows the different religions in India during the early 1900s. We included this map on the 'Social and Religious Differences' page to show that Hindus were the dominate religion.
"The Politics of Modern Hinduism." The Politics of Modern Hinduism. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012.
This website provided us with a map of India and Pakistan after the partition in 1947. The map illustrates where people relocated based on their religious beliefs. Along with the map, the website also gave brief paragraph explaining the effects of the partition. We used this map along with the information in the paragraph on the 'Aftermath' page.
Photographs
"Bartolomeu Dias." N.d. Photograph. N.p. <http://www.thepirateking.com/bios/dias_bartholomeu.htm>.
This is a photograph of Bartolomeu Dias, the first explorer to discover Cape Good Hope, the place that opened trade routes from the east to India. We included a photo of him on the 'Background' page because he contributed to Britain's rule over India.
"India Pakistan Flag." N.d. Photograph. Atlantic Council. Web. <http://www.acus.org/content/india-pakistan-flag>.
This is a photograph of the Indian flag and the Pakistani flag. We used this photograph in our heading to symbolize the Calcutta Killings' role on the road to partition.
"The Koran." N.d. Photograph. Web. <http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-religion/2820143/posts>.
This is an image of the Koran, Islam's holy book. We included this photo on the 'Social and Religious Differences' page to show that Muslims did not characterize God in any human form.
This is a photograph of Bartolomeu Dias, the first explorer to discover Cape Good Hope, the place that opened trade routes from the east to India. We included a photo of him on the 'Background' page because he contributed to Britain's rule over India.
"India Pakistan Flag." N.d. Photograph. Atlantic Council. Web. <http://www.acus.org/content/india-pakistan-flag>.
This is a photograph of the Indian flag and the Pakistani flag. We used this photograph in our heading to symbolize the Calcutta Killings' role on the road to partition.
"The Koran." N.d. Photograph. Web. <http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-religion/2820143/posts>.
This is an image of the Koran, Islam's holy book. We included this photo on the 'Social and Religious Differences' page to show that Muslims did not characterize God in any human form.
Websites
"The 1946 Cabinet Mission." The 1946 Cabinet Mission. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 May 2013. <http://www.britains-smallwars.com/India/Cabinet.html>.
This website gives a thorough explanation of the Cabinet Mission's purpose. It also gives a detailed description of the discussions during the Cabinet Mission meetings that helped us get an understanding of why the Indian National Congress and Muslim League failed to compromise.
Arun. "Top 10 Reasons behind the Indo-Pak Conflict." TopYaps. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2013.
This website gives information about the four wars fought between India and Pakistan. It explained how tensions between India and Pakistan, and the reasons for the wars. We used information from this website on the 'Historical Significance' page to show the long-term effects Calcutta had on the relationship between the two countries.
"Basic Beliefs of Hindus and Muslims side by Side." Basic Beliefs of Hindus and Muslims. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2013.
This website gives a concise analysis comparing and contrasting the two religions- Hinduism and Islam. We used information from this source on the 'Social and Religious Differences' page to show how the two religions differ from each other.
Bates, Crispin. "The Hidden Story of Partition and Its Legacies." BBC News. BBC, 3 Mar. 2011. Web. 03 Feb. 2013.
This website describes the events leading up to partition and its consequences. It gives a full explanations of the reasons for partition, and gave us a foundation for further research.
"BBC News." BBC, n.d. Web. May 2013. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/mountbatten_lord_louis.shtml>.
This website gives background information on Louis Mountbatten and outlines his role in India's politics. It helped us get a better understanding of the situation at the time and what effect that had on his decisions.
"Case Study:." The Calcutta Riots of 1946. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 May 2013. <http://www.massviolence.org/The-Calcutta-Riots-of-1946>.
This website gives a meticulous explanation of Muhammed Ali Jinnah's original plan for Direct Action day, which later turned into the Calcutta riots. It clarifies that Jinnah did not intend for the violence, but was willings to use it as a last resort. We used this source as a guideline for the 'Great Calcutta Killings' page.
"Congress & The Freedom Movement." All India Congress Committee - AICC. All India Congress Commitee, n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2013.
This website gives information on the Indian National Congress' role in the Cabinet Mission. It tells us why the political party played such an important part in India's legislative decisions.
"Independence for India and Pakistan." Independence for India and Pakistan. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2012.
This website described India's religious state prior to the Calcutta Killings. It gives a concise analysis on the differences between Hinduism and Islam, which was a key factor in the reasons for the Calcutta Killings.
"Partition India-Pakistan: 1947-2007." Foreign Policy Blogs Partition IndiaPakistan 19472007 Comments. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://foreignpolicyblogs.com/2007/08/17/partition-india-pakistan-1947-2007/>.
This website describes the mass migrations after Calcutta. It gives a brief description of the immediate events after the migrations began. This source helped us get and idea of just how significant the migrations were.
Smith, Katie. "Assess the Primary Causes of Religious Conflict in India." EInternational Relations RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 May 2013.
This website evaluates the impact religion has on the conflict between Hindus and Muslims. From this source, we gained knowledge about the practice of Hindutva, which is believed to be one of the primary reasons for the Muslims to reject the idea of a united India.
"The Story of India." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2013.
This website is a timeline of important events in India's history all the way from 60,000 BC to 1984. This is where we where we initially started our research, and used the timeline as a guide throughout the entire research process. It also gives a brief introduction on both the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress.
This website gives a thorough explanation of the Cabinet Mission's purpose. It also gives a detailed description of the discussions during the Cabinet Mission meetings that helped us get an understanding of why the Indian National Congress and Muslim League failed to compromise.
Arun. "Top 10 Reasons behind the Indo-Pak Conflict." TopYaps. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2013.
This website gives information about the four wars fought between India and Pakistan. It explained how tensions between India and Pakistan, and the reasons for the wars. We used information from this website on the 'Historical Significance' page to show the long-term effects Calcutta had on the relationship between the two countries.
"Basic Beliefs of Hindus and Muslims side by Side." Basic Beliefs of Hindus and Muslims. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2013.
This website gives a concise analysis comparing and contrasting the two religions- Hinduism and Islam. We used information from this source on the 'Social and Religious Differences' page to show how the two religions differ from each other.
Bates, Crispin. "The Hidden Story of Partition and Its Legacies." BBC News. BBC, 3 Mar. 2011. Web. 03 Feb. 2013.
This website describes the events leading up to partition and its consequences. It gives a full explanations of the reasons for partition, and gave us a foundation for further research.
"BBC News." BBC, n.d. Web. May 2013. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/mountbatten_lord_louis.shtml>.
This website gives background information on Louis Mountbatten and outlines his role in India's politics. It helped us get a better understanding of the situation at the time and what effect that had on his decisions.
"Case Study:." The Calcutta Riots of 1946. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 May 2013. <http://www.massviolence.org/The-Calcutta-Riots-of-1946>.
This website gives a meticulous explanation of Muhammed Ali Jinnah's original plan for Direct Action day, which later turned into the Calcutta riots. It clarifies that Jinnah did not intend for the violence, but was willings to use it as a last resort. We used this source as a guideline for the 'Great Calcutta Killings' page.
"Congress & The Freedom Movement." All India Congress Committee - AICC. All India Congress Commitee, n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2013.
This website gives information on the Indian National Congress' role in the Cabinet Mission. It tells us why the political party played such an important part in India's legislative decisions.
"Independence for India and Pakistan." Independence for India and Pakistan. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2012.
This website described India's religious state prior to the Calcutta Killings. It gives a concise analysis on the differences between Hinduism and Islam, which was a key factor in the reasons for the Calcutta Killings.
"Partition India-Pakistan: 1947-2007." Foreign Policy Blogs Partition IndiaPakistan 19472007 Comments. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://foreignpolicyblogs.com/2007/08/17/partition-india-pakistan-1947-2007/>.
This website describes the mass migrations after Calcutta. It gives a brief description of the immediate events after the migrations began. This source helped us get and idea of just how significant the migrations were.
Smith, Katie. "Assess the Primary Causes of Religious Conflict in India." EInternational Relations RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 May 2013.
This website evaluates the impact religion has on the conflict between Hindus and Muslims. From this source, we gained knowledge about the practice of Hindutva, which is believed to be one of the primary reasons for the Muslims to reject the idea of a united India.
"The Story of India." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2013.
This website is a timeline of important events in India's history all the way from 60,000 BC to 1984. This is where we where we initially started our research, and used the timeline as a guide throughout the entire research process. It also gives a brief introduction on both the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress.